Overview
Storage is the persistent tier of the memory hierarchy: unlike RAM, it retains data with the
Hard Disk Drives
A hard disk drive stores data as magnetized regions on spinning platters, read and written by a
SSDs & NAND Flash
A solid-state drive has no moving parts — it stores bits as trapped electrical charge in NAND
NVMe & Storage Interfaces
The physical storage medium (platters, NAND cells) is only half the story — data still has to travel
Filesystems Basics
A raw storage device — HDD or SSD — just exposes a flat array of addressable blocks; it has no