CUDA Graphs
A single kernel launch costs the CPU roughly 3โ10 ยตs of driver-side work, independent of how much the kernel actually does. A pipeline that issues 50 small kernels per iteration can spend more time launching work than the GPU spends computing it, and Streams and Concurrency doesn't fix that โ streams reorder and overlap launches, they don't reduce their count. A CUDA graph captures a whole sequence of operations once and replays it as a single launch, collapsing 50 dispatches into one.